NCERT solution Class 11 neural control and coordination

NCERT Solutions

Class 11 Biology

Neural Control and Coordination

NCERT Questions

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Q.5

Write short notes on the following:

Neural coordination
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Retina
Ear ossicles
Cochlea
Organ of Corti
Synapse

Neural coordination: The neural system provides coordination between the different organs of the body. This coordination is in the form of electrical impulses. It is quick and short lived. All the physiological processes in the body are closely linked and dependent on each other.
Forebrain: It is the main thinking part of the brain which consists of cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus.

Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and constitutes 4/5^th of its weight. It is divided into two hemispheres. These hemispheres are connected to each other by corpus callosum. They receive impulses from various receptors and motor regions and hence control movement of various muscles.

Thalamus is the main centre of coordination for sensory and motor signaling.

Hypothalamus lies at the base of thalamus. It regulates body temperature and urge of drinking and eating.

Midbrain: It is located between thalamus of forebrain and pons of hindbrain. It is connected to sense of sight and hearing.
Hindbrain: It consists of three regions: pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata.

Pons lies between medulla oblongata and midbrain.

Cerebellum is large and well developed part of hindbrain located below posterior sides of cerebral hemispheres and above the medulla oblongata. It helps in maintaining posture and equilibrium of the body.

Medulla Oblongata is located beneath the cerebellum.

Retina: It is the innermost layer and contains three layers of cells namely inner ganglion cells, middle bipolar cells and outer photoreceptor cells. There are two types of receptor cells namely, rod and cone cells.

Rod cells contain pigment rhodopsin which is highly sensitive to dim light and is responsible for twilight vision.

Cone cells contain pigment iodopsin which is highly sensitive to high light intensity. It is responsible for day light and color vision.

Ear ossicles: These are present in inner ear namely malleus, incus and stapes. Malleus is attached to tympanic membrane on one side and incus on the other side. Incus is connected to stapes and stapes is attached to inner ear. These bones transmit sound waves from external ear to inner ear.
Cochlea: It is a long, coiled outgrowth of sacculus. It is the main hearing organ which contains three chambers: upper (scala vestibule), middle (scala media) and lower (scala tympani). Organ of corti which is a hearing organ is located on the basilar membrane. It contains receptor hair cells.

(h)Organ of Corti: It is a hearing organ located on the basilar membrane that contains hair cells. These hair cells are auditory receptors present on the internal side of the organ of corti.

(i) Synapse: It is the junction between the axon terminal of one neuron and dendrite of next neuron. It is separated by small gap known as synaptic cleft. There are two types of synapse: electrical and chemical synapse.

Neural Control and Coordination Class 11 Biology NCERT Chapter 18 NCERT Solutions

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