NCERT solution Class 12 biotechnology: principles and processes

NCERT Solutions

Class 12 Biology

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

NCERT Questions

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Q.12

Q.11

Explain briefly

PCR
Restriction enzymes and DNA
Chitinase

PCR

PCR is Polymerase Chain Reaction. It is a technique of molecular biology to amplify a gene or a piece of DNA to obtain its several copies. It is extensively used in the process of gene manipulation.

This process involves in-vitro synthesis of DNA sequences using a primer, a template strand and a thermostable DNA polymerase enzyme.

Steps of PCR:

Denaturation: Double stranded DNA molecules are heated to high temperature so that the two strands separate into a single stranded DNA molecule.
Annealing: Single stranded DNA molecule is used as a template strand for the synthesis of a new strand by the DNA polymerase enzyme which results in the duplication of the original DNA molecule.
Extension: This process is repeated over several cycles to obtain multiplies copies of the recombinant DNA fragment.

Restriction Enzymes and DNA:

Restriction enzymes are molecular scissors used in molecular biology or cutting DNA sequences from a specific site. It plays an important role in gene manipulation. The enzymes recognize a specific six pair sequence known as the recognition sequence and cut the sequence at a specific site.

For example: Recognition site for ECoRI is

GAATTC

CTTAAG

Restriction enzymes are of two types:

Exonuclease is a type of restriction enzyme that removes the nucleotide from 5’ or 3’ ends of the DNA molecule.
Endonuclease is a type of restriction enzyme that makes a cut within the DNA at a specific site. This enzyme acts as an important tool in genetic engineering.

DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. It can be double stranded and single stranded. It contains deoxyribose sugar. The nitrogenous bases present in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. In double stranded DNA, the two strands run anti parallel to each other.

DNA was isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869.

Chitinase

Chitinase is a class of enzymes used for the degradation of chitin, which forms a major component of the fungal cell wall. To isolate DNA enclosed within the cell membrane of the fungus, enzyme chitinase is used to break the cell for releasing its genetic material.

Video solution:

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Class 12 Biology NCERT Chapter 9 NCERT Solutions

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